Sometimes, if it isn't possible to run your thread underneath, I make a very tiny, very tight knot. I'm not sure whether this is okay with purists, but it works for me.
This is a more complicated question. Yet again I must admit to sometimes--it mostly depends on the filling stitch and whether the edge is smooth enough to leave alone and/or whether you want a soft look or a more defined look.
I always use a hoop for crewel because I like it when the fabric is tight enough to bounce.. My favorite for crewel is an old fashioned wooden one, or occasionally q-snaps. Size is something you need to experiment with. Personally I use several sizes and change according to what stitch I'm using and whether I need tight control with both hands. I mostly use a small one, but I have no set rule
I always think it's good to experiment for yourself on a doodle cloth and find your own comfortable and perfect way so you can fully enjoy the process . I think crewel is my very favorite kind of needlecraft.
I never use a knot. Most times you can go down into your linen away from where you want to stitch then while you work 'bury' this thread. If not, for instance if it is a trail of coral stitch, I will make two or three tiny stitches towards the place I want to start then bury the tiny stitches under the coral stitch as I go along.
I will outline an area (sometimes) for long and short with back stitch, but only if I want a raised look at the edge.
Absolutely essential to use a hoop. For crewel I use a four inch hoop, works out best, you can't get 'drum' tension with larger.
I can usually find a spot to use a couple of backstitches, then bury the ends later. If I can't, I use a waste knot and bury the ends later. This assumes that the crewel won't be used for such hard-wearing purposes as a seat cushion, in which case I'll probably use a small knot.
Depends on the effect I want. If I want something with a sharp edge, I usually use stem or outline or backstitch. If I want something padded, I usually pad with chain stitch.
Little stuff I work in hand. Bigger stuff I use an embroidery hoop or artists' stretchers.
Even if a design calls for an outline, unless I think it needs it, I don't do one. IMHO (in my humble opinion), outlines sometimes give a cartoonish effect.
To start, take a small stitch somewhere away from the edge of the area. This way, you won't have a tail that could show through if you forget to snip or tuck it in.
If there are accent lines in a shape, stitch them first before filling in the shape. This way, you won't inadvertently cover them with fill (been there, done that )
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