Hip Dysplasia in most breeds is polygenic. Meaning you don't necessarily have to "double up" on it to have it appear. Two hip-tested parents can still produce dysplastic pups. Screening is just a little extra insurance and reassurance that you have at least tested for everything it is possible to test for.
HD is also affected by environment. Dogs which climb stairs as youngsters, walk on slippery floors, jump up or down from couches and beds or which are kept on concrete are particularly prone. Vitamin C deficiency can be a contributing factor as well. Dogs which are overweight during key development periods are also prone.
Although HD is common in particular breeds, most of them large it is possible for ANY breed of dog to get it.
It is difficult to test puppies for the problem without full hip xrays being done and as most vets are reluctant to anaesthetise young puppies for no good reason (which is generally required to be able to "crank" the dog into the position required for diagnostic xrays) most often, the problem is not picked up until they are older or are required to have xrays for another purpose.
HD screening (through the OFA - Orthopaedic Foundation of America) is not able to be conclusively performed until a dog is 3 years of age, although PennHip can be performed at around 2 years of age. The difference between the two is that OFA screen deals with the skeletal form of the hips whilst PennHip deals with the laxity.
Hope this helps.
Aussie